In the 1990s, a number of documents of the Soviet era, previously under the heading "Top Secret", began to be made public, however, having realized it, the authorities again closed access to them. Apparently, many secrets of the USSR will remain inaccessible.
Under the heading "top secret"
The privacy stamp is superimposed for two reasons. First and foremost - most documents stored in archives are state secrets. The second reason is related to materials relating to famous personalities of the past, whose heirs do not want to disclose the details of their lives.
In 1918, something happened that today does not allow us to fully familiarize ourselves with the documents of the Soviet past. That year, Lenin received a message informing him how the Red Army indiscriminately destroyed the manuscripts and correspondence of famous writers. The leader immediately called the publicist Bonch-Bruevich with a request to write a brochure under the heading “Keep archives.” The brochure, which sold 50 thousand copies, bore fruit.
However, very soon Soviet officials realized that it was important not only to keep archives, but also to restrict access to ordinary citizens because of the confidentiality of information contained in some sources.
In 1938, the management of all archival affairs was transferred to the NKVD of the USSR, which classified a huge amount of information, numbering tens of thousands of cases. Since 1946, the authority of this department was received by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, and since 1995 - the FSB of Russia. Since 2016, all archives have been directly subordinated to the President of Russia.
Stalin's affairs
Despite the fact that many documents of the Stalin era have long been declassified, some of them are still hidden away from prying eyes in the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History. In particular, about 200 cases from the Stalin Fund are classified as secret. Of considerable interest to researchers are the cases of Yezhov and Beria, which were published only in parts, and there is still no complete information on the cases of executioners who have become enemies of the people.
Today, many Russians are requesting investigative files of illegally repressed citizens stored in the archives of the FSB and the Garfe. Access to investigative cases of the repressed is permitted by law for relatives, as well as for other interested parties. True, the latter can receive the required documents only after the 75-year period from the date of sentencing. Often, visitors to archives receive defective copies, in particular, with extinct names of NKVD officers.
Some researchers are confident that the NKVD affairs in full will never be declassified. In March 2014, the interagency Commission for the Protection of State Secrets extended the secrecy for documents of the Cheka-KGB for 1917-1991 for the next 30 years. This decision also covered a large array of documents relating to the Great Terror of 1937-1938, which were extremely sought after by historians and relatives of victims of repression.
WWII archives
Many secrets today still hide the period of the Great Patriotic War. For example, there is still no public access to summary work on the operations of the Red Army during the war years with the application of maps. Since the publication of the collection of archival materials “1941” in 1998, new genuine documents have been published in a very metered way. Moreover, researchers do not even have the right to familiarize themselves with the names of cases in secret custody records.
The historian Igor Ievlev remarks in this regard: “Apparently, the researchers have already approached the barrier, which, if overcome, can open up completely uncomfortable and, probably, even shameful and shameful pages of the country's real history.”
Also, modern historians cannot familiarize themselves with the authentic accounting documents for the numbers of those called up and mobilized in wartime, and are still forced to rely on the data from the preserved draft books, a secondary source. Unfortunately, recruiting cards of new recruits, registration cards of military service reserves and rank and file of the Red Army almost all destroyed.
Not so long ago, on the forum of one of the sites dedicated to the soldiers of the Great Patriotic War, one of the readers shared interesting information. According to him, in one of the conversations, a former recruiting officer told him a long story about the total destruction in 1953 after the death of Stalin of all accounting and service records and other primary documents for rank and file from before the war until the end of the war.
What is the reason for the desire of the USSR leadership to hide data regarding mobilization on the eve and during the Second World War? Researchers are sure: in order to hide the real losses of the USSR in the first months of the war.
KGB archives
The KGB in the USSR, like the CIA in the USA, is an intelligence service that, during its existence, has carried out a huge number of covert operations around the world. Any security official will confirm that KGB business papers are rarely declassified in their original form. They are preliminarily “scrubbed” by removing information that the department does not want to make public for one reason or another.
Almost all currently known secrets of the Soviet special services were published in London in 1996 thanks to a former employee of the archival department of the First Main Directorate of the KGB of the USSR Vasily Mitrokhin. The archive of secret KGB materials that Mitrokhin handed over to the UK amounted to 25 thousand pages.
The published materials contain information that in the foreseeable future could hardly have been published in Russia. In particular, it was made publicly available that, from 1959 to 1972, the KGB collected information about American power plants, dams, oil pipelines, and other infrastructure in preparation for an operation that could lead to a disruption in power supply throughout New York.
There is information in detail describing the KGB's plans for the secret acquisition of three US banks in Northern California as part of a secret operation created to obtain information about high-tech companies in the region. Banks were not chosen by chance, since all of them had previously provided loans to KGB corporations of interest. A Singaporean businessman was supposed to act as a substitute, in whose name banks were bought, but the American intelligence services managed to figure out the plans of the KGB.
Even these two facts are enough to understand why the KGB carefully guards its secrets.
Completely personal
Many personal funds related to the life of famous people are also closed to the general public. A lot of what you should not know is hidden in Stalin's personal archive. But at least the names of these materials are known. Here, in particular, there are Stalin's outgoing cipher telegrams for the period of the 1930s, correspondence of the Secretary General with the USSR People’s Commissariat of Defense and the USSR Ministry of Armed Forces for the 1920-1950s, letters from citizens and foreigners addressed to Stalin, documents about Molotov’s trip to London and Washington in 1942.
In addition, we probably will never know the details of the personal life of Marina Vlady and Vladimir Vysotsky. Former Soviet Prime Minister Nikolai Ryzhkov will not reveal state secrets to us, and Alexander Solzhenitsyn will not tell about his innermost thoughts. Personal archives of public persons are most often closed from open access by their heirs.
For example, the personal fund of Alexander Solzhenitsyn, which is stored in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, is in the public domain, because the heir - the wife of the writer Natalya Dmitrievna - decides whether to publicize the documents or not. She motivated her decision by the fact that often Solzhenitsyn’s verses are not found in documents that are not particularly good, and she would not want others to know about this.
The difficulty of declassification
In 1991, the archive of the President of the Russian Federation was formed, which combined documents from the former archive of President of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev, and later the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin. During the first 10 years of the foundation’s existence, many materials were declassified, but in the early 2000s this process was suspended, and documents that had already been made public were classified again.
The head of Rosarchive Andrei Artizov in one of his interviews noted: “We declassify documents in accordance with our national interests. There is a declassification plan. To make a decision on declassification, we need three or four experts with knowledge of foreign languages, historical context, and legislation on state secrets. ”
What are the country's leaders afraid of declassifying documents, many of which have already crossed the half-century line? Researchers name a number of reasons: Among them, for example, is a very difficult issue of cooperation between the USSR and fascist Germany on the eve of the Great Patriotic War, reflected in numerous documents.
Among other reasons are called: the real scale of the repressions of the Stalinist government against its people; destabilization of the world situation by the USSR; facts destroying the myth of economic assistance of the USSR to other states; squandering public funds to bribe third world governments in order to gain support at the UN.
In fact, all forbidden materials can be summarized in two main categories: documents that put the Soviet regime in an extremely negative light, and documents that in any way concern the ancestors of modern politicians, which I would like to keep silent about. This is understandable, because both of these can seriously undermine the reputation of modern Russia - the successor of the USSR - in the eyes of the whole world.
In recent years, 3-4 news feeds regularly appeared in the feed with the headline: "The government wants to block Tor." But, this idea is somewhat utopian.
Darknet can be used in all fears of the world except North Korea, where access to a computer with the Internet requires special permission from Kim Jong-un. Even China failed to ban it. The Golden Shield automatically blocks all new addresses of Tor input nodes, but people who need to bypass this barrier using VPNs and proxies.
News about the “ban on the clandestine Internet” only fuels interest in the population. More and more Russians are joining the darknet, which is fraught with many dangers and temptations. The consequences of misuse of Tor should be known in advance.
This article will talk about the main types of stores and forums in Tor that should be avoided and the possible responsibility for their use / creation.
Fragments of the article were deleted at the request of Roskomnadzor. Material edited.
2. Websites with job advertisements
A huge number of ads for sale *** contains a postscript: “We are looking for ***. It requires activity, adequacy, professionalism. The salary is high. ” For one *** an employee receives an average of 500-3000 rubles. On the forums they write that an intelligent employee gets up to 80-120 thousand rubles a month with a free schedule. And this is in the province. In capitals, the ceiling is much higher.
But this work is far from as simple as it seems at first glance. To make a good “***” and hide it - a whole science and experienced people write whole textbooks. There are many unobvious problems that are difficult for a beginner to guess.
For example, how to protect yourself from gulls? So called ***, who seek and successfully find strangers *** in typical places (flower beds, holes in the asphalt, visors of the porches). Or how to disguise a ziplock bag inside an acorn or nut so that rain and wind do not damage the goods?
Tor criminals need not only ***, but also parcel receivers, stencillers (to make announcements on asphalt), growers (grow plants at home), people to remove illegally received money from bank cards. Less often they are looking for strong guys to intimidate enemies. And each profession has non-obvious subtleties that need to be learned in order not to get hold of problems with the law.
In the criminal sphere, there is a terrible turnover of personnel and new employees are constantly required. A really adequate and accurate person can work for a couple of years, and a simple *** / carrier / drop walks free only a few months. Most people sooner or later are caught by the police. It is rarely possible to raise dough, stop and leave on time in people.
Possible problems: According to article 228 of the Criminal Code, if a person is involved in distribution or production ***, he can be imprisoned for a period of 8 years. We will talk about penalties for package receivers and cash-in cash holders below.
3. Crime Stores
With the help of Tor, weapons, fake documents, left sim cards, phones, ATM skimmers and a bunch of other interesting items are traded. As with ***, bitcoins are used for anonymous payment. Surprisingly, there are no particular problems with the delivery of goods.
Sometimes it is done using regular mail. To receive and send parcels, they hire “drops” who go to receive / send parcels, their faces and passport data shine. Also, goods are dispatched using taxi drivers or private transport companies. Here is a quote from the RuOnion forum:
Sent somehow an optical sight through a transport company, naturally not branded. They asked what was inside, he answered - a sniper scope, They: we’ll write it down - an optical device :-)))) They generally have something to carry ...
But sellers still follow many safety precautions: they disassemble weapons into parts that are distributed into several boxes, disguise them as other items, make packages with a double bottom, etc. They have no less tricks than ***.
Possible problems: According to article 222 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the illegal acquisition or transfer of weapons may be punished by a decision of liberty for a term of up to four years. Fake documents are written in article 327 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which refers to a term of up to two years.
4. Forums of pedophiles
Even in the Tor network there are a lot of people who are sexually attracted to children. Here for them there is a lot of "interesting". Firstly, huge juvenile porn video archives. Secondly, these are forums where people share their personal experiences of seducing children and hiding this process from others.
Some pedophiles consider sex with children to be absolutely unacceptable and sit on the “conservative” sections of the forums, where they upload simply slightly erotic photos of little girls and boys with closed genitals.
But there are people who just need to watch a video and want to turn their fantasies into reality. The main shock in the preparation of this article for me was to get acquainted with a book for pedophiles in Russian.
200 pages about where to find a potentially accessible child and how to recognize it, how to rub in trust in it, how to leave no traces, and how to make sure that the child never tells anyone about what a pervert or pervert did to him.
And judging by the forums, a lot of pedophiles really manage to turn things around so that parents never find out what happened to their child. Indeed, most often children are not seduced by maniacs on the streets, but by neighbors, relatives or friends of a family who have been entering the house for many years.
Do not leave your child alone with anyone and never without video surveillance. Among us there are much more pedophiles than can be supposed.
Possible punishment: It is forbidden to store porn videos of minors on your computer. You can read more about this in the article:
5. Sites of extremist organizations
Terrorists, skinheads and radical opposition figures also create sites on an onion network, publish articles there and discuss plans for pogroms or seizures of power on forums. Also in Tor sites of sect sites are gradually moving.
Since 2002, the Russian authorities keep a list Federal extremist materials . It includes almost 4,000 books, articles, paintings and musical works. Rospotrebnadzor forces the removal of such materials from sites on the web, but they are freely distributed in Tor libraries.
Possible punishment: According to Article 282.2 of the Criminal Code, they can be imprisoned for participation in an extremist organization for up to six years. Also, you can not copy materials from such sites in Tor and post them on social networks and blogs. There is also a separate article on this subject:
6. "Hacker" trading floors and forums
In international dark markets, next to *** and weapons there is often a Digital Goods section. In it you can buy trojans, tools for hacking Wi-Fi, tools for hacking programs, tools for DDOS attacks and many other varieties of "tools for illegal access to digital information."
Along with the programs, you can also buy instructions for their use and training books. It also sells digital goods that were stolen using the tools described above: pumped characters in games, paid accounts of various services, hacked programs, access to infected computers.
There are also many hacker forums on the darknet. There, people share their experiences with each other, look for performers and accomplices for various cyber crimes.
Possible punishment: If it is proved that a person used any of the above programs, then according to Article 272 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, he can be imprisoned for up to two years.
7. "Black" cryptocurrency exchanges
The sites and organizations described above make financial settlements in bitcoins (less often in other cryptocurrencies). And of course, they do not pay any taxes on this. With the help of cryptocurrencies, money obtained illegally is cashed.
Tor has exchanges for withdrawing bitcoins to ordinary electronic wallets or bank cards. There are also a lot of announcements of people who withdraw money from cryptocurrency wallets to offshore accounts or transfer to the account of “one-day firms”. With the latter, money can be withdrawn with the help of ordinary “cash-outists”.
There you can order bank cards issued by dummies or “virtuals”. And hire drops that will go to the ATM, shine your face in front of the cameras, withdraw cash from the cards and deliver it to you.
Possible punishment: According to article 159 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, participation in group fraudulent schemes may entail up to 10 years in prison.
Also, the State Duma speaks of adopting a bill that punishes up to four years in prison just for using bitcoins or other cryptocurrencies.
conclusions
Not all types of content that can be found on the Tor network are described above. Erotic sites for animal lovers, shops of stolen things, sites for ordering killers, and much more are not mentioned.
But the described is enough to understand why governments around the world are trying to control the Internet. Personal freedom and privacy are good. But how to deal with criminals on the Internet without blocking sites and controlling traffic?
P.S. Is Tor anonymous?
There are so many online anonymity tutorials on the darknet. Some of the authors consider a virtual machine with Tails -\u003e vpn -\u003e vpn -\u003e Tor a sufficient scheme. And someone recommends buying a computer from a flea market in a neighboring area and using a modem through the "left" SIM card. But one thing is for sure - if you simply launch the Tor browser, then the level of your anonymity is quite low.
Intelligence agencies around the world are actively working to identify the criminals who use the "underground Internet". For example, in the fall of 2016, as part of the international operation Titan, the Swedish police identified 3000 customers *** in Tor. And there are more and more reports of such investigations every year.
On March 13, 1954, Chekists were removed from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, a new department was formed: the State Security Committee CCCP - KGB. The new structure was in charge of reconnaissance, operational-investigative activities and the protection of the state border. In addition, the task of the KGB was to provide the Central Committee of the CPSU with information affecting state security. The concept is broad, to be sure: it covers the personal lives of dissidents and the study of unidentified flying objects.
Separating the truth from fiction, recognizing misinformation intended for “controlled diversion”, is now almost impossible. So, to believe or not to believe in the truth of the declassified secrets and mysteries of the KGB archives is everyone’s personal right.
The current Chekists who worked in the structure during its heyday, some with a smile, some with dismay, dismissed: no secret developments were carried out, nothing paranormal was studied. But, like any other closed organization that has an influence on the fate of people, the KGB was not able to avoid mystification. The activities of the committee are overgrown with rumors and legends, and even a partial declassification of the archives is beyond their power to dispel them. Moreover, the archives of the former KGB underwent a serious purge in the mid-50s. In addition, the declassification wave that began in 1991-1992 quickly began to decline, and now the publication of the data is proceeding at an almost imperceptible pace.
Hitler: died or escaped?
Disputes have not abated since May 1945. Did he commit suicide or did he find the body of a double in the bunker? What happened to the remains of the Fuhrer?
In February 1962, trophy documents of the Second World War were transferred to the Central State Archive of the USSR (the modern State Archive of the Russian Federation). And with them - fragments of the skull and armrest of the sofa with traces of blood.
According to Vasily Khristoforov, head of the FSB registration and archival funds department, told Interfax, the remains were found during an investigation into the disappearance of the former German Reich President in 1946. The forensic examination identified the partially charred remains as fragments of the parietal bones and the occipital bone of an adult. The act of May 8, 1945 reads: discovered pieces of the skull, "may have fallen from the corpse removed from the pit on May 5, 1945."
“Documentary materials with the results of the re-investigation were combined into the case with the symbolic name“ Myth. ”The materials of the named case, as well as the materials of the investigation into the circumstances of the Fuhrer’s death in 1945, stored in the Central Archive of the FSB of Russia, were declassified in the 90s of the last century and became available to the general public, "the source said.
What remained of the top of the Nazi elite and did not end up in the KGB archives did not immediately find peace: the bones were repeatedly reburied, and on March 13, 1970 Andropov ordered that the remains of Hitler, Brown and the four Goebbels be removed and destroyed. So there was a plan for a secret event "Archive", implemented by the forces of the operational group of the Special Department of the KGB of the 3rd Army of the GSVG. Two acts were drawn up. The latter reads: "The destruction of the remains was carried out by burning them on a bonfire in a wasteland near the town of Schönebeck, 11 kilometers from Magdeburg. The remains were burnt out, together with coal, were crushed to ashes, collected and thrown into the Biederitz river."
It is difficult to say what guided Andropov, giving such an order. Most likely, he was afraid - and not without reason - that even after a while the fascist regime would find followers, and the burial place of the ideologist of the dictatorship would become a place of pilgrimage.
By the way, in 2002, the Americans announced that they had X-rays that were stored by a dentist, SS Oberführer Hugo Blaschke. Reconciliation with fragments in the archives of the Russian Federation once again confirmed the authenticity of parts of Hitler's jaw.
But despite seemingly incontrovertible evidence, the version that the Führer managed to leave Germany occupied by Soviet troops does not leave modern researchers alone. They are looking for him, as a rule, in Patagonia. Indeed, Argentina after World War II gave shelter to many Nazis who tried to escape justice. There were even witnesses that Hitler, along with other fugitives, appeared here in 1947. Hard to believe: even the official radio of fascist Germany on that memorable day announced the death of the Fuhrer in an unequal struggle with Bolshevism.
The first fact of Hitler's suicide was questioned by Marshal Georgy Zhukov. A month after the victory, he said: “The situation is very mysterious. We did not find an identifiable corpse of Hitler. I can’t say anything in the affirmative about Hitler’s fate. At the very last minute he could fly away from Berlin, since the runways made it possible.” That was June 10th. And the body was found on May 5, the autopsy was dated May 8. ... Why did the question of the authenticity of the Fuhrer’s body arise only a month later?
The official version of Soviet historians is this: on April 30, 1945, Hitler and his wife Eva Braun committed suicide by taking potassium cyanide. At the same time, according to eyewitnesses, the Fuhrer shot himself. By the way, when opening in the oral cavity, glass was discovered, which speaks in favor of the version with poison.
Unidentified flying objects
Anton Pervushin in his author’s investigation cites one revealing story characterizing the attitude of the KGB to the phenomenon. This story was once loved by the writer and assistant chairman of the committee, Igor Sinitsyn, who worked for Yuri Andropov from 1973 to 1979.
“Somehow, looking at the foreign press, I came across a series of articles about unidentified flying objects - UFOs ... I dictated to the stenographer in Russian how to squeeze them out and, along with the magazines, I incurred the chairman. .... He quickly leafed through the materials. After a little thought, he he suddenly took out a thin folder from the desk drawer. The report contained one of the officers of the 3rd Directorate, that is, military counterintelligence, "recalled Sinitsyn.
The information transmitted to Andropov could well become the plot of a science fiction film: the officer, while fishing at night with his friends, watched as one of the stars approached the Earth and took the form of an aircraft. The navigator estimated the size and location of the object by eye: diameter - about 50 meters, height - about five hundred meters above sea level.
"He saw two bright beams coming out from the center of the UFO. One of the beams stood upright against the surface of the water and rested on it. The other, like a searchlight, scoured the space of water around the boat. Suddenly he stopped, illuminating the little ship. He shone a few more seconds, the beam went out. Together with it the second, vertical beam also went out, "Sinitsyn quoted the report of counterintelligence.
According to his testimony, these materials later came to Kirilenko and eventually seemed to be lost in the archives. This is roughly what skeptics can say about the KGB’s likely interest in the UFO problem: pretending to be interesting, but actually burying materials in archives as potentially insignificant.
In November 1969, almost 60 years after the fall of the Tunguska meteorite (which, according to some researchers, was not a fragment of a celestial body, but a crashed spaceship), another message fell about an unidentified object falling on the territory of the Soviet Union. Not far from the village of Berezovsky in the Sverdlovsk region, several luminous balls were seen in the sky, one of which began to lose altitude, fell, then followed by a strong explosion. In the late 1990s, a number of media found themselves in possession of a film depicting the alleged work of investigators and scientists at the site of the alleged UFO crash in the Urals. The work was supervised by a "person resembling a KGB officer."
“Our family just at that time lived in Sverdlovsk, and my relatives even worked in the regional party committee. However, almost no one knew the whole truth about the incident. In Berezovsky, where we had acquaintances, everyone took for granted the legend of the exploding granary "Those who saw the UFO preferred not to spread. The disk was taken out, presumably, in the dark, in order to avoid unnecessary witnesses," contemporaries recalled.
It is noteworthy that even the ufologists themselves, people who were initially inclined to believe in the history of UFOs, criticized these videos: the form of Russian soldiers, their manner of holding weapons, cars flickering in the frame - all this did not inspire confidence even among susceptible people. True, the denial of one particular video does not mean that adherents of the faith in UFOs abandon their beliefs.
Vladimir Azhazha, an ufologist, an acoustic engineer by training, said: “Does the state hide any information about UFOs from the public, we must assume that yes. On what basis? Based on a list of information constituting state and military secrets. Indeed, in In 1993, the State Security Committee of the Russian Federation, at the written request of the then president of the Ufological Association, pilot-cosmonaut Pavel Popovich, transferred to my UFO center about 1300 documents related to UFOs headed by me. security units, private communications. "
Occult Interests
In the 1920s and 1930s, a prominent figure in the Cheka / OGPU / NKVD (the predecessor of the KGB), Gleb Bokiy, the one who created laboratories for the development of drugs to influence the consciousness of those arrested, became interested in studying extrasensory perception and even searched for the legendary Shambhala.
After his execution in 1937, folders with the results of the experiments seemed to be in the secret archives of the KGB. After Stalin's death, some of the documents were irretrievably lost, the rest settled in the cellars of the committee. Under Khrushchev, work continued: America was worried about rumors from time to time overseas about the invention of biogenerators, mechanisms that control thinking.
Separately, it is worth mentioning another object of close attention of the Soviet security forces - the famous mentalist Wolf Messing. Despite the fact that he himself, and later his biographers, willingly shared intriguing stories about the outstanding abilities of the hypnotist, the KGB archives did not save any documentary evidence of the "miracles" created by Messing. In particular, neither Soviet nor German documents contain information that Messing fled from Germany after he predicted the fall of fascism, and Hitler appointed a reward for his head. Also, it is neither possible to confirm nor deny the information that Messing personally met with Stalin and he tested his outstanding abilities, forcing him to perform certain tasks.
On the other hand, about Ninel Kulagina, who in 1968 attracted the attention of law enforcement agencies with her extraordinary abilities, the data has been preserved. The abilities of this woman (or lack thereof?) Still cause controversy: among lovers of the supernatural, she is revered as a pioneer, and among the learned fraternity, her achievements cause at least an ironic grin. Meanwhile, the video chronicle of those years recorded how Kulagina, without the help of a hand or any device, rotates the compass needle, moves small objects, such as a matchbox. During the experiments, the woman complained of back pain, and her pulse was 180 beats per minute. Her secret was, ostensibly, in the fact that the energy field of the hands, due to the superconcentration of the test subject, could move objects falling into the zone of his influence.
It is also known that after the end of World War II, Hitler made a personal order as a trophy: he served for astrological predictions of a military-political nature. The device was faulty, but Soviet engineers restored it, and it was transferred to an astronomical station near Kislovodsk. Familiar people said that FSB major general Georgy Rogozin (formerly the first deputy chief of the president’s security service in 1992-1996 who received the nickname "Nostradamus in uniform" for his studies in astrology and telekinesis) used SS trophy archives related to occult sciences in his research.
For the “secret” stamp to appear in reality, the state needs good reasons. Most of these cases are state secrets.
But many personal archives of famous people become secret at the request of heirs who do not regret that their ancestors look in an unflattering light.
The most secret documents became in 1938
A fundamental turning point in the matter of classified information occurred in 1918, when the General Directorate of Archival Affairs under the People's Commissariat of the RSFSR was organized. The brochure “Keep archives” published by Bonch-Bruevich was distributed through “ROSTA Windows” to all state institutions where, in particular, there was a provision on the secrecy of certain information.
And in 1938, the management of all archival affairs was transferred to the NKVD of the USSR, which classified a huge amount of information, numbering tens of thousands of cases. Since 1946, this department was named the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, since 1995 - the FSB.
Since 2016, all archives have been directly subordinated to the President of Russia.
Questions to the royal family
The so-called famous Novoromanovsky archive of the imperial family, most of which was originally classified by the Bolshevik leadership, and after the 90s, some of the archival documents was widely publicized, was not declassified. It is noteworthy that the work of the archive itself was strictly confidential. And one could only guess about his activities based on indirect documents of employees: certificates, passes, payroll, personal files of employees - that’s what remained of the work of the secret Soviet archive.
But the correspondence of Nicholas II and his wife Alexandra Fedorovna is not fully disclosed. Palace materials relating to the relationship between the court and ministries and departments of the times of the first world war are also not available.
KGB archives
Most of the KGB archives are classified on the grounds that the operative-search activity of many agents can still cause damage in counterintelligence work and reveal the methodology of its work. Some successful cases in the field of terrorism, espionage, and smuggling are also mothballed.
This also applies to cases related to intelligence and operational work in the camps of the Gulag.
Stalin's affairs
From the archive of the President of the Russian Federation to the “Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History”, 1,700 files generated in the 11th inventory of the Stalin Fund were transferred, of which about 200 cases were classified as secret.
Of great interest are the cases of Yezhov and Beria, but they were published only in parts, and there is still no complete information on the cases of “executed enemies of the people”.
Confirmation that there are still many documents to be declassified is the fact that in 2015 at four meetings of the Interdepartmental Expert Commission on the declassification of documents under the governor of St. Petersburg, 4,420 cases for 1919-1991 were fully declassified.
Party archives are also a "secret"
Researchers of considerable interest are resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars or resolutions of the Council of Ministers, decisions of the Politburo.
But most of the party archives are classified.
New archives and new secrets
The main task of the archive of the President of the Russian Federation, formed in 1991, was to combine documents from the former archive of the President of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev, and then the subsequent period of the reign of Boris Yeltsin.
The presidential archive has about 15 million different documents, but only a third of them, five million are in the public domain today.
Secret personal archives of Vladi, Vysotsky, Solzhenitsyn
The personal funds of the Soviet figure Nikolai Ryzhkov, Vladimir Vysotsky and Marina Vlady are closed to the general public.
You should not think that documents appearing with a stamp "secretly" only with the help of government officials. For example, the personal fund of Alexander Solzhenitsyn, which is stored in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, is kept secretly because the heir - the wife of the writer Natalya Dmitrievna personally decides whether or not to make the documents public. She motivated her decision by the fact that often Solzhenitsyn’s verses are not found in documents that are not particularly good, and she would not want others to know about this.
In order to publicize the materials of the investigation, in which Solzhenitsyn was sent to the Gulag, it was necessary to obtain the consent of two archives - the Ministry of Defense and the Lubyanka.
Secrets Plan
The head of Rosarchive Andrei Artizov in one of his interviews said: “We declassify the documents in accordance with our national interests. There is a declassification plan. To make a decision on declassification, we need three or four experts with knowledge of foreign languages, historical context, and legislation on state secrets. ”
Special Declassification Commission
In order to declassify the materials, a special commission was created in each archive. Usually - of the three people who decided on what basis to deliver or not to publicize a particular document.
The classified materials are of undoubted interest to a wide range of people, but historians warn that working with archives is a delicate matter and requires certain knowledge. This is especially true of classified archival materials. Not many have access to them - thousands of documents from the time of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union are classified for various good reasons.
Bagir's historical site - the secrets of history, the mysteries of the universe. Secrets of great empires and ancient civilizations, the fate of disappeared treasures and biographies of people who changed the world, the secrets of special services. Chronicle of war, description of battles and battles, reconnaissance operations of the past and present. World traditions, the modern life of Russia, the unknown USSR, the main directions of culture and other related topics are all that official science is silent about.
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At the Nuremberg trials, the whole world learned about the diary of Tanya Savicheva - about a few leaflets from a notebook on which the child recorded with uncertain uncertainty the death of his relatives. The blockade in the most terrible way entered the lives of Leningrad children. They are used to: death is always there. They were not afraid of bombing or artillery shelling. One of the girls wrote in her diary: “Today they bomb again. Sirens howl again. Explode at home ... So what? ”
Back in 1960, the Brookings Institution, one of the leading think tanks in the United States, prepared a report entitled “Forecasting the Consequences of Peaceful Activities in Space for Humanity”. In addition to various statistical and research data, it contained an assessment of the possibility of NASA discovering extraterrestrial intelligent life or traces of its activity isolated from the general context. The report contained an explicit recommendation to classify such data.
In the center of Moscow, in the area popularly referred to as Wrens, there is a small church of St. Sergius of Radonezh. For several decades now, believers have come here to pray at the miraculous Kia Cross, the keeper of a great many Orthodox shrines. The history of this extraordinary reliquary, created several centuries ago by order of Patriarch Nikon, is truly amazing and resembles the plot of an exciting novel.
A quiet, picturesque place, a true Russian hinterland - the village of Lower Ablyazovo, which is 30 kilometers from the city of Kuznetsk, Penza region. There stands the Church of the Nativity of Christ, an ordinary bleached church with narrow barred windows, outside - nothing special. But what is inside is amazing!
I’ll inform you that it is decidedly impossible to take the usual interview from Peter Mamonov, a famous musician, a terrific actor, an Orthodox hermit. He says how he preaches. But I really want to listen.
Among the many accusations (actual or far-fetched) of Catholics against the Orthodox and Orthodox against Catholics, the so-called “Filioque issue” should be considered key. According to the Orthodox, its wording contradicts the doctrine of the Trinity and is therefore unacceptable. What is the essence of this contradiction?
From the annals it is known that Prince Vladimir the Holy was baptized in the Christian faith under the name of Basil. However, today the baptist of Russia, a saint and an equal apostle, is revered under his Slavic name: Vladimir is the generic name of the Rurikovich dynasty. Why did this happen? What events were behind the Baptism of Russia? And how did this process actually proceed?
The third round-the-world voyage following Magellan and Drake was made by the Englishman Thomas Cavendish. He managed to circumnavigate the globe in two years and fifty days. It was a speed record that lasted for two whole centuries.
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